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Like people, today's collaborative robots understand what happens around them and behave accordingly. Developments in the Man-Machine Connection CONTRIBUTOR Tobias Daniel is head of sales and marketing at Comau Robotics. Learn more at comau.com. By Tobias Daniel D espite the frequency with which this topic has been discussed lately, the cooperation between man and machine is not a recent concept. Machine manufacturers for the production sector—and, above all, robot manufacturers— have always tried to figure out how to ensure easy interaction between factory operators and technological equipment, and how to make that relationship simple, quick and spontaneous. To understand how much effort was made to reach this goal, it is necessary to think about the study of robot interfaces. e will to follow this path and the opportunities offered by modern technologies allow robot manufacturers to pursue their mission to combine production results with safety in the workplace, and to further develop man-machine relationships. In fact, we can now increase the intensity of this relationship, which means the percentage of true inter- action between people and technological equipment, so as to achieve better results and actual, real-time cooperation. Robots, together with the latest technological innovations related to them, are undoubtedly crucial elements in this change, as they can now act as true partners that work side by side with factory operators in tasks that either require limited strength and a lot of precision or the handling of heavy weights without losing accuracy and reliability. e combined use of different technologies is the element that makes this intense relationship possible. Today, we are able to combine vision systems with force sensors, torque sensors, sensory abilities and scanning abili- ties that allow the operators to move safely within the work area they share with the robot while controlling its action either directly by means of manual guidance or the possi- bility to change its trajectory by touching it, or indirectly, thanks to the interaction with the sensors applied on the robot and in the entire work area. As a result, by leveraging the relationship between humans as a model, we can provide a proper simulation of the human-machine relationship. Like people, today's collaborative robots understand what happens around them and behave accordingly. e advantages offered by this cooperation are remark- able. First, these robots can be used in the production sectors of heavy industry, as they can be applied to operations such as handling, machine tending and the assembly of heavy parts, to mention only a few. Another example is offered by the various manipulation applications that take place during the final assembly of a car, such as the positioning of the dashboard or the seats. Every operation, even those carried out by high payload robots, takes place without protective barriers, and this results in considerable savings in terms of costs and factory layout. In addition, the robot's ability to interact in real time with the surrounding environment implies that production downtimes are almost reduced to zero, with remarkable advantages in terms of results, efficiency and productivity. Likewise, the scalability and flexibility resulting from these solutions should not be under- estimated. e integration of different types of sensors allows custom configuration by gradually regulating the complexity of the machine and the accuracy of its control system. We are therefore heading toward the mass customization of robotics, which will be 100-percent collaborative and safe. e tendency to intensify the relationship between man and machine is also clear in other fields of robotics. First, according to the latest international specifications for safety in human- robot cooperation, it is not only the body of the robot that is required to be safe. e entire cell must be "guaranteed" by extending the safety measures to, for example, the gripper. is specification, imposed by international procedures, further intensifies the relationship and "contact" between man and machine, making them reliable and totally safe. Future developments—related to exoskeletons, for example—are moving precisely in this direction. In the near future, we can certainly expect the development of the first solutions in this field, and new contributions in robotic technology to human work. e objective is to make it lighter, more challenging and rewarding, as well as less repetitive, boring and burdensome. e bond between man and machine is thus strength- ened, creating a fair balance in the use of technology to support human work that results in an intense, safe and profitable relationship. LAST WORD 56 PRODUCTION MACHINING :: NOVEMBER 2016